Developing an Excretory System Mastery Booklet to Improve Students’ Learning Outcomes

Abstract

Learning the excretory system requires students to connect anatomical terminology with physiological processes that are difficult to observe directly. This study developed an excretory system mastery booklet and described its feasibility, students’ learning outcomes, and students’ responses. The research and development procedure comprised five stages: information gathering, product planning, initial product development, a preliminary field trial, and revision following the trial. The six-page PDF booklet integrated anatomical exploration through coloring, a simple model of urine formation, and reflective journaling adapted from a Frayer-style organizer. Expert evaluation questionnaires, a student response questionnaire, and a knowledge test provided the data, which were analyzed descriptively. The reported mean feasibility ratings were 93.75% for content and 94% for media. The learning-outcome table included 30 students: five scored 75–83, twenty scored 84–92, and five scored 93–100. The source reported that all students met the school’s minimum mastery criterion. Student responses were reported as 82% very positive and 8% positive; the remaining 10% was not accounted for in the source table. Revisions replaced glitter with sand and simplified the instructions. The results support the booklet’s feasibility and show favorable achievement after its use. However, the absence of pretest data and a comparison group prevents a causal conclusion that the booklet improved achievement. Further trials should verify the response distribution, clarify the trial class, and evaluate learning gains and retention.